Capturing RISC-V Instruction Traces with TracerV

FireSim can provide a cycle-by-cycle trace of a target CPU’s architectural state over the course of execution, including fields like instruction address, raw instruction bits, privilege level, exception/interrupt status and cause, and a valid signal. This can be useful for profiling or debugging. TracerV is the FireSim bridge that provides this functionality. This feature was introduced in our FirePerf paper at ASPLOS 2020 .

This section details how to capture these traces in cycle-by-cycle formats, usually for debugging purposes.

For profiling purposes, FireSim also supports automatically producing stack traces from this data and producing Flame Graphs, which is documented in the TracerV + Flame Graphs: Profiling Software with Out-of-Band Flame Graph Generation section.

Building a Design with TracerV

In all FireChip designs, TracerV is included by default. Other targets can enable it by attaching a TracerV Bridge to the RISC-V trace port of one-or-more cores. By default, only the cycle number, instruction address, and valid bit are collected.

Enabling Tracing at Runtime

To improve simulation preformance, FireSim does not collect and record data from the TracerV Bridge by default. To enable collection, modify the enable flag in the [tracing] section in your config_runtime.ini file to yes instead of no:

[tracing]
enable=yes

Now when you run a workload, a trace output file will be placed in the sim_slot_<slot #> directory on the F1 instance under the name TRACEFILE0-C0. The first 0 in this filename disambiguates between multiple SoCs on one FPGA if you’re running in supernode mode and will always be 0 if you’re not running in supernode mode. The C0 represents core 0 in the simulated SoC. If you have multiple cores, each will have its own file (ending in C1, C2, etc). To copy all TracerV trace files back to your manager, you can add TRACEFILE* to your common_simulation_outputs or simulation_outputs in your workload .json file. See the Defining Custom Workloads section for more information about these options.

Selecting a Trace Output Format

FireSim supports three trace output formats, which can be set in your config_runtime.ini file with the output_format option in the [tracing] section:

[tracing]
enable=yes

# Trace output formats. Only enabled if "enable" is set to "yes" above
# 0 = human readable; 1 = binary (compressed raw data); 2 = flamegraph (stack
# unwinding -> Flame Graph)
output_format=0

See the “Interpreting the Trace Result” section below for a description of these formats.

Setting a TracerV Trigger

Tracing the entirety of a long-running job like a Linux-based workload can generate a large trace and you may only care about the state within a certain timeframe. Therefore, FireSim allows you to specify a trigger condition for starting and stopping trace data collection.

By default, TracerV does not use a trigger, so data collection starts at cycle 0 and ends at the last cycle of the simulation. To change this, modify the following under the [tracing] section of your config_runtime.ini. Use the selector field to choose the type of trigger (options are described below). The start and end fields are used to supply the start and end values for the trigger.

[tracing]
enable=yes

# Trace output formats. Only enabled if "enable" is set to "yes" above
# 0 = human readable; 1 = binary (compressed raw data); 2 = flamegraph (stack
# unwinding -> Flame Graph)
output_format=0

# Trigger selector.
# 0 = no trigger; 1 = cycle count trigger; 2 = program counter trigger; 3 =
# instruction trigger
selector=1
start=0
end=-1

The four triggering methods available in FireSim are as follows:

No trigger

Records the trace for the entire simulation.

This is option 0 in the .ini above.

The start and end fields are ignored.

Target cycle trigger

Trace recording begins when a specified start cycle is reached and ends when a specified end cycle is reached, based on the target’s simulation cycle count.

This is option 1 in the .ini above.

The start and end fields are interpreted as decimal integers.

Program Counter (PC) value trigger

Trace recording begins when a specified program counter value is reached and ends when a specified program counter value is reached.

This is option 2 in the .ini above.

The start and end fields are interpreted as hexadecimal values.

Instruction value trigger

Trace recording begins when a specific instruction is seen in the instruction trace and recording ends when a specific instruction is seen in the instruction trace. This method is particularly valuable for setting the trigger from within the target software under evaluation, by inserting custom “NOP” instructions. Linux distributions included with FireSim include small trigger programs by default for this purpose; see the end of this subsection.

This is option 3 in the .ini above.

The start and end fields are interpreted as hexadecimal values. For each, the field is a 64-bit value, with the upper 32-bits representing a mask and the lower 32-bits representing a comparison value. That is, the start or stop condition will be satisfied when the following evaluates to true:

((inst value) & (upper 32 bits)) == (lower 32 bits)

That is, setting start=ffffffff00008013 will cause recording to start when the instruction value is exactly 00008013 (the addi x0, x1, 0 instruction in RISC-V).

This form of triggering is useful when recording traces only when a particular application is running within Linux. To simplify the use of this triggering mechanism, workloads derived from br-base.json in FireMarshal automatically include the commands firesim-start-trigger and firesim-end-trigger, which issue a addi x0, x1, 0 and addi x0, x2, 0 instruction respectively. In your config_runtime.ini, if you set the following trigger settings:

selector=3
start=ffffffff00008013
end=ffffffff00010013

And then run the following at the bash prompt on the simulated system:

$ firesim-start-trigger && ./my-interesting-benchmark && firesim-end-trigger

The trace will contain primarily only traces for the duration of my-interesting-benchmark. Note that there will be a small amount of extra trace information from firesim-start-trigger and firesim-end-trigger, as well as the OS switching between these and my-interesting-benchmark.

Attention

While it is unlikely that a compiler will generate the aforementioned trigger instructions within normal application code, it is also a good idea to confirm that these instructions are not inadvertently present within the section of code you wish to profile. This will result in the trace recording inadvertently turning on and off in the middle of the workload.

On the flip-side, a developer can deliberately insert the aforementioned addi instructions into the code they wish to profile, to enable more fine-grained control.

Interpreting the Trace Result

Human readable output

This is output_format=0.

The human readable trace output format looks like so:

C0: 0000010000010040, cycle: 0000000000000046
C0: 0000010000010044, cycle: 0000000000000047
C0: 0000010000010048, cycle: 0000000000000048
C0: 000001000001004c, cycle: 000000000000004d
C0: 0000010000010050, cycle: 000000000000004e
C0: 0000010000010054, cycle: 0000000000000053
C0: 0000010000010058, cycle: 0000000000000058
C0: 000001000001005c, cycle: 000000000000005d
C0: 0000010000010060, cycle: 00000000003d2e94
C0: 0000010000010000, cycle: 00000000003d2ea7
C0: 0000010000010004, cycle: 00000000003d2ea8
C0: 0000010000010008, cycle: 00000000003d2eab
C0: 000001000001000c, cycle: 00000000003d2eac
C0: 0000010000010064, cycle: 00000000003d2ead
C0: 0000010000010068, cycle: 00000000003d2eb5
C0: 0000010000010064, cycle: 00000000003d2eb9
C0: 0000010000010068, cycle: 00000000003d2ec9
C0: 000001000001006c, cycle: 00000000003d2eca
C0: 0000010000010070, cycle: 00000000003d2ecb
C0: 0000010000010074, cycle: 00000000003d2ecc
C0: 0000010000010078, cycle: 00000000003d2ecd
C0: 000001000001007c, cycle: 00000000003d2ece
C0: 0000010000010080, cycle: 00000000003d2ee6
C0: 0000010000010084, cycle: 00000000003d2ee7
C0: 0000010000010088, cycle: 00000000003d2ee8
C0: 000001000001008c, cycle: 00000000003d2ee9
C0: 0000010000010090, cycle: 00000000003d2eea
C0: 0000010000010094, cycle: 00000000003d2eeb
C0: 0000010000010098, cycle: 00000000003d2ef0
C0: 0000010080000000, cycle: 00000000003d2f23

In this output, C0 represents instruction stream (or core) zero. The next field represents the address of the instruction committed that cycle and a valid bit, in hex, interpreted like so:

0000010080000000
     ^|--------|
     |       \--- 40 bits of address
     |
     \-------- valid bit

The final field is the target cycle on which this instruction was committed, in hex.

Binary output

This is output_format=1.

This simply writes the 512 bits received from the FPGA each cycle to the output file in binary. Each 512-bit chunk is stored little-endian, that is, the first 64-bits stores the address and valid bits of core 0 in little-endian, the next 64-bits stores the address and valid bits of core 1 in little-endian, and so on, until the final 64-bit value in the 512-bit value, which stores the cycle number in little-endian.

Flame Graph output

This is output_format=2. See the TracerV + Flame Graphs: Profiling Software with Out-of-Band Flame Graph Generation section.

Caveats

There are currently a few restrictions / manual tweaks that are required when using TracerV under certain conditions:

  • TracerV by default outputs only instruction address and a valid bit and assumes that the combination of these fits within 64 bits. Changing this requires modifying sim/firesim-lib/src/main/scala/bridges/TracerVBridge.scala.

  • The number of cores or instruction streams is currently not automatically detected. To collect data for multiple cores or instruction streams, you must change the NUM_CORES macro at the top of sim/firesim-lib/src/main/cc/bridges/tracerv.h.

    • TracerV currently packs the entire trace into a 512-bit word, so the maximum supported value for NUM_CORES is 7. (7x 64-bit traces + a 64 bit cycle number = 512 bits).
  • Please reach out on the FireSim mailing list if you need help addressing any of these restrictions: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/firesim